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Sexual behaviour and level of awareness on reproductive health among youths: Evidence from Harar, Eastern EthiopiaDate: 1997In an effort to initiate youth reproductive health program in Harar, Ethiopia, a baseline survey was conducted between May 31 and June 5, 1997 in three randomly selected three kebeles of the town. The aim of the survey was to get benchmark information on sexual behavior of youth and their level of awareness on reproductive health. -
Khat Expansion in the Ethiopian HighlandsDate: 2002Khat (Catha edulis) is a rapidly expanding perennial crop in the Ethiopian highlands, and it isEthiopia's second largest export item. The leaves of the crop are used for their stimulating effect.The present study was undertaken in Habro district in western Hararghie -
Standard Precautions: Occupational Exposure and Behavior of Health Care Workers in EthiopiaDate: 2010Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids is a serious concern for health care workers, and presents a major risk for the transmission of infections such as HIV and hepatitis viruses........a cross-sectional survey in 10 hospitals and 20health centers in two administrative regions of Ethiopia (Harari and Dire Dawa). -
Youth-friendly Health Services Utilization and Factors in Harar, EthiopiaDate: 40909...Current health services in Harar are very limited in being youth-friendly, affordable, or confidential. The environment within which sexual and reproductive health services are provided is often not sensitive to the special needs of this youth population.... -
Russian & East German Documents on Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, 1977-78Date: 1978On 23 July 1977, Somalia unleashed on the African Horn an armed conflict. Under cover of the Front for the Liberation of Western Somalia (FLWS)--which had been created by the Somali leadership itself--it sent its own forces into the Ogaden, and they occupied a significant part of the Ethiopian provinces of Harar, Bale, and Sidamo, and only through the bitter fights which unfolded in October-December 1977 were they stopped at the approaches to the important centers of Harar and Dire Dawa. -
I Did Not Do It for the MoneyDate:When I have related my Peace Corps experiences to Ethiopians, they have always advised that I should write them all down and let others read. As those events are important to me and in many ways aids in my development and maturity, I had thought of writing about the Ethiopian experience and then discovered that George Schulyer had stolen the title of my intended book, "Ethiopian Stories". So, I had let these memories lay fallow for a number of years - until invited to write for an Ethiopian (Harar specifically) website. What a grand opportunity! -
Malik Ambar: A remarkable lifeDate: 2006The African presence in the history and politics of India remains generally obscured from view. B. N. Goswamy writes about the role of an emphatic figure who played a decisive role in the history of the Deccan The emperor Jahangir shooting an arrow through the head of Malik Ambar. A 19th century version of the painting by Abu’l Hasan, dated 1616; Mughal. A little like an image embedded in a hologram, the African presence in the history and politics of India remains generally obscured from view. It is only when the parchment that is the past is taken in the hand and lightly moved, in the manner of a ‘beam of coherent light’ needed to train upon a hologram, that this presence reveals itself. Then names begin to emerge, some historical developments start to make sense, and the role of a number of emphatic figures can be seen in true perspective. Malik Ambar (1546-1626), who played such a significant role in the history of the Deccan, and became eventually such a thorn in the flesh of the Mughals, is one such emphatic figure. The entire career of this extraordinary man, his meteoric rise, appears especially startling because it seems to run against all perceived notions of the role and status of slaves. Born in the mid-sixteenth century at Harar in Ethiopia, and known simply as “Chapu”, he was sold by his poor parents to an Arab slave merchant, landed up in Baghdad, and from there, in the early 1570s, in the Deccan – known for its polyglot and tolerant culture which included many blacks or ‘Habshis’ as they were called (from the Arabic word ‘Habsh’ for Abysinnia, the older name of Ethiopia) – where he was sold again to a prominent noble at the troubled court of the Nizam Shahs of Ahmednagar. At that time, Mughal forces, fired by Akbar’s ambitious plans to bring the south also under his control, were knocking at the very portals of the Deccan, as it were. A relatively weak king on the Ahmednagar throne, bitter rivalries at the court where factionalism was rife, Abysinnians constantly flexing their muscles, an enemy at the gates: it was a nearly perfect ground in which a man like Malik Ambar – the name was given to him by a former master, and the title by a Bijapur Sultan whom he served for a short while – a powerfully built man with a brilliant mind and the abilities of a great military tactician could rise quickly to power. The Mughals did take Ahmednagar in 1600, but Ambar broke through the besieging lines and escaped with his followers eventually to control the countryside of Ahmednagar while the occupying forces held only the fort and the small area around it. This is when the lines of hostility between him and the Mughal overlords were clearly drawn. One cannot go into the life and career of Malik Ambar in any detail here, except for registering the fact that as the power of this rank outsider kept growing, that of the Mughals in and around Ahmednagar kept steadily declining. Ambar trained his followers in the art of guerilla warfare, raised a very considerable force that remained loyal to him, and remained defiant of the Mughals. Eventually, he even located a young scion of the Ahmednagar dynasty in neighbouring Bijapur, married him to his own daughter, and placed him on the throne of Ahmednagar as Sultan Murtaza Nizam Shah II, with himself as the regent of the state. Now from Peshwa, or chief counsellor, he had become regent, father-in-law, and virtual ruler of Ahmednagar. With a clear vision, he also launched great architectural projects, constructing or strengthening fortifications at vulnerable spots, building a church for Christians, raising noble monuments at Khirki which later came to be called Aurangabad, and endowing the town with a sophisticated water-supply system. The Mughals, meanwhile, chafed. Especially Jahangir (1605-1627) under whose skin Malik Ambar succeeded in getting. The emperor, it seems, was obsessed with Ambar, whose outstanding military skills he could understand but could not bring himself to acknowledge, given his own exalted position as ruler of what was then perhaps the world’s mightiest empire. In his Memoirs he referred to Ambar several times, but always in angry, almost abusive terms: “Ambar, that black wretch”, “Ambar of dark fate”, that “crafty, ill-starred one”, and so on. The two never came face to face or took the field against each other. But a painter at the Jahangiri court – the greatly gifted Abu’l Hasan – realised for his patron a triumphal dream, for he painted for him an allegory, in which the emperor is seen standing atop the globe of the world and shooting an arrow through the severed head of Malik Ambar that is impaled on a tall pike. The event never came about of course, but looking at the painting must have given the emperor great satisfaction. For woven into it are subtle references and remarkably flattering allusions. While on the hapless head of Ambar an owl sits and then falls along the pike as the arrow goes through the open mouth of the black general, a bird of paradise descends from the heavens and heads towards the emperor’s crown placed on a tall golden structure at right, as if to add its own feather to it; the globe masterfully held under his delicately shod feet by the emperor — in a clear reference to his name, Jahangir, “Seizer of the World” — rests on the back of a bull who, in turn, stands upon a large, outsized fish, allusions to ancient Hindu myths: the saving of the earth by Matsya, the universe resting upon the noble bull called Dharma; from the sky above, from behind clouds, little cherubs descend, bearing divine weapons for the emperor, as it were. Scattered over the painting, in a very minute hand, are also verses in Persian, like: “The head of the night-coloured usurper is become the house of the owl”, or “Thine enemy-smiting arrow has driven from the world (Ambar) the owl, which fled the light”. Jahangir, in this elaborate allegory, is clearly meant to be seen as symbolising the forces of goodness and light while Ambar those of darkness and evil. It is doubtful if the whole matter would have been seen like this by a Deccani painter working for Malik Ambar. But then nothing approaching this has survived from there.
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A LETTER TO CUBANS IN HARARDate: 1979The Oromo Liberation Front sent the followingletter to Cuban residents in Harar, Ethiopia lastyear. -
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THE HAKAL OF HARAR SIGHTSEEING IN AN AUTODate: 1905 -
The British Somaliland-Ethiopia BoundaryDate: 1936AN Arab sultanate with its capital at Zeila was founded by emigrants from the Yemen in, it is said, the seventh century A.D., and in the thirteenth century became powerful as the Empire of the Adals. It is interesting to note this name. Zeila is called by the Greek geographers' A8vAq1a, and Somalis to-day know it as Audal. In the sixteenth century the Arab influence was decreasing and the capital was transferred inland to Harar.... -
Cholera in Ethiopia in the 1990s: Epidemiologic patterns, clonal analysis, and antimicrobial resistanceDate: 2008Epidemiological data on cholera cases, occurring between 1993 and 1997 in the Harari People state, Ethiopian states of Somali, Oromiya, and Southern Peoples and in the urban administrative regions .... -
THE LEGAL ASPECT OF ETHIOPIAN-SOMALI DISPUTEDate: 1978The legal aspect of the Ethiopian-Somali dispute is only a small part of a very complex human problem. When the time comes for Mogadishu and Addis Ababa to sit down for a dialogue, the juridical issues will undoubtedly hold less prominence than issues which more accurately reflect the political and economic realities of the Horn of Africa as well as the needs and aspirations of the peoples who are now caught in the middle of a savage war. However, it would be worthwhile..... -
Hyaenas Of HararDate: 2012 -
Prevalence and Determinants of Khat (Catha edulis) Chewing among High School Students in Eastern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional StudyDate: 2012This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and predictors of khat chewing among high school students in Harar, eastern Ethiopia. -
FINAL REPORT STUDY ON MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ETHIOPIADate: 19975.1.7 HARARI REGION Regional policy/practice: Three mother tongues—Harari, Afan Oromo and Amharic—are used as MOI in the Harari region from Grades 1 to 6. For Grades 7 and 8 the MOI is English for Sciences and Mathematics and mother tongue for the other content areas. For primary teacher training in the 1st cycle there are three different streams for the three MOI, but for 2nd cycle teacher training the only MOI is English. -
AFRICAN CULTURAL HERITAGE AND THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION - The City Of HararDate: 1997No Abstract. Go to page 98 of the publication. -
MASTER PLAN FOR THE SAFEGUARDING OF THE HISTORICAL TOWN OF HARARDate: 1989At the Ethiopian Government's request, Unesco arranged for a consultant to go to Ethiopia to draft a master plan for the safeguarding of the historic town of Harar. This project is being financed jointly by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Ethiopian Government, and executed by the Centre for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (CRCCH) of the Ministry of Culture and Sports Affairs in co-operation with Unesco. -
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A Russian in HararDate: 2012Europeans travelling to Harar in Ethiopia in early last century found that original Islamic culture continues to be preserved in the city, which was once regarded as among the most revered centres in the Islamic world "When I was galloping along the steppe on the charger mare of the sheikh, and Arabs that accompanied me were shaking their whips, as though they were spears, and chanting war songs, to the sound of which their horses proudly raised their heads and spread their tails in the wind, I understood the fascination of their free life in this waterless country and the pride which it cultivated in its sons." — Sergei Syromyatnikov Reading an article on two Russian travellers to Kuwait and Ethiopia by Professor Efim Rezvan of the Russian Academy of Sciences, I was especially struck by his reconstruction of the travels of the poet Gumilyov in Ethiopia, even though the engaging passage I have cited above is from the other traveller, Sergei Syromyatnikov, who went to Kuwait. Both figures, one a poet and an ethnographer, and the other, Syromyatnikov, a journalist, diplomat and intelligence agent, were parts of the Russian initiative in the early years of the last century to establish relations with the lands that lay south of theirs, in Asia and Africa. Reading from a large format holy Koran inside the mazar of Sayyid ‘Ali Hamdong. Harar, 2008 And both had engaging stories to tell: the people they met, the lands they were seeing for the first time, the condition of the arts there; above all, the diplomatic push that both of them felt was needed. The era, one has to recall, was that of before the World War, and before the Czarist regime was pulled down. Nikolai Gumilyov was a poet and a writer of considerable distinction and, in 1913, the Kunstkamera Museum of Russia urged him to travel to Ethiopia on their behalf, in part, at least, to collect from their ethnographic materials and, especially, manuscripts most of which they anticipated would be in Arabic and, thus, of interest to the Islamic part of the population of Russia. Harar was the city in Ethiopia that Gumilyov spent most of his time in, for the place had a considerable reputation as a centre of learning, being regarded as the fourth most revered city in the Islamic world. The town had a long history, and over the centuries had emerged as a place for the production of manuscripts — all Islamic, mostly of the holy Koran — and for the fine craft of bookbinding. There were mosques everywhere — reputedly there once stood 99 mosques in the town, equal to the names of Allah as given in the Koran — and the sobriquet the place had earned was the "City of Saints", having been founded by 405 holy men, who had come to the place from the Arabian Peninsula. Even today, the fortified old part of the town of Harar, known as Harar Jugol, has a character of its own, something that has resulted in its being placed on the list of World Heritage sites by Unesco. It exhibits, as the Unesco statement of its significance records, "an important interchange of values of original Islamic culture, expressed in the social and cultural development of the city enclosed within the otherwise Christian region". The architecture and the urban plan of the walled city stand out on their own. The title page of the Gulf Diary (in Russian) of Sergei Syromyatnikov When Gumilyov visited it, he spoke of the city as looking "gorgeous with its houses made of red sandstone, high European buildings and pointed minarets of mosques. It was surrounded by a wall and people were not allowed to get through the gates after sunset. Inside, it looked exactly like Baghdad in the times of Harun al-Rashid with its narrow streets going up or down like stairs, massive wooden doors, squares full of noisy people in white clothes, the court right there in the square — all of that was full of old fairy-tale charm." After spending time in Harar, and having travelled to other, not easily accessible, places in Ethiopia, Nikolai Gumilyov returned home but not before he had acquired a large collection of manuscripts and book covers, as also sets of tools used by bookbinders and scribes. These objects entered the museum, which had sponsored his visit, but the times were unfriendly. The next year war broke out; then came the Bolshevik revolution and the civil war. His collection survived but the poet himself was executed by the Soviet secret police in 1921 on the suspicion of his having hatched a counter-revolutionary plot. Before his death, however, the poet had written a poem in which he spoke of his having "led a caravan for eight days from Harar/Through the wild Chercher Mountains/…A mysterious city, a tropical Rome, I saw tall Sheikh Hussein, I bowed to/ the mosque and to the holy palms/ and was admitted before the eyes of the Prophet." Gumilyov was not the first European to have landed in Harar. Well before him, the legendary Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821-1890), , explorer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, cartographer, ethnologist, spy, linguist, poet, fencer and diplomat", had visited the city in the 1855 and left a characteristically wry but graphic account of the town and its inhabitants. The celebrated French poet, Rimbaud, also spent some time in Harar as a trader in the 1880s. Each time some things must have changed. But apparently some things in the town continued to be what they were before. For when, in 2008, another expedition sent by the Kunstkamera Museum visited Harar, they found the same reverence and care for manuscripts that the Russian poet had encountered close to a hundred years before. As Professor Rezvan, who was part of the 2008 expedition, writes: "When we visited Sheikh ‘Abd Allah Musa, a keeper by birth of Sayyid ‘Ali Hamdong’s mazar, we listened carefully to the Sheikh, who took out (with great simplicity) a wonderful large format Koran manuscript and, then, a number of folios from a metal lock-box, telling us about the saint he worshipped." The manuscripts as well as their covers, he ends by saying, were of really high quality. Clearly some things had remained virtually unchanged in Harar.
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Antique Koran manuscript Prayer Book Ethiopia - HararDate: 2010Antique ManuscriptSold Date: 01/06/2008 Channel: Online Auction Source: eBay Category: Books, Paper & MagazinesFrom Harar - East EthiopiaAn old and large Islamic prayer book This old prayer book made from Ethiopia has over 200 pages. Altogether the book is in its age a corresponding condition. Height approx. 34cm, width approx. 24cm<p