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SEVENTEEN TRIPS THROUGH SOMLILANDDate: 1903Harar was an Arab state peopled by a mixed population ofArabs, SomAlis, Gallas, and half-breeds, collectively called Hararis,the city itself garrisoned by Egypt. It was a magnificent highlandcountry of agricultural land and tropical forests, often risingto an elevation of some nine thousand feet, if not more ; its slopesdescended on the east to Somililand, and on the west to thegreat Hawash Eiver depression ; beyond was Shoa, one of thekingdoms of Abyssinia.History tells us of conflicts between Christian Abyssinia andthe Mahommedan state of Harar from time to time; but thepine-clad passes of entry from the Hawash were difficult to forceand easily defended. Harar was safe and isolated, and thesoldiers of Abyssinia and Harar alike were indifferently armedwith spears, shields, and antiquated muskets.When Egypt proposed withdrawing from Harar in 1884, twoseparate missions were sent up from Aden to Harar to report onthe military situation, and to facOitate the withdrawal of theEgyptian troops.Harar was practically in our hands, and it is conceivable thatcould later events have been foreseen, and considering its undoubtedcommercial value, it might have remained under ourinfluence.Though the fact was not likely to have been recognised inthe state of our knowledge at the time, Harar offered a valuablebuffer-state, which, if strengthened and supported, might havekept apart the well-armed Abyssinians, who are Christians, fromthe badly-armed Somdlis, who are Mahommedans. But at thattime the influx of arms had scarcely begun, and Abyssinianrestlessness was not so apparent.Be that as it may, the British saw the Egyptians safely downto Zeyla, and set up an old Arab family government, that ofthe Emir Abdillahi, with a comparatively weak escort of Hararis,armed with muskets and rifles
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Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim al-GhaziDate:Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (c. 1506 – February 21, 1543) was an Imam and General of Adal who defeated Emperor Lebna Dengel of Ethiopia. Nicknamed Gurey in Somali and Gragn in Amharic (Graññ), both meaning "the left-handed," he embarked on a conquest which brought three-quarters of Ethiopia under the power of the Muslim Kingdom of Adal during the Ethiopian-Adal War from 1529-43. He was known as Sahib al-Fath (the conqueror) among his Muslim subjects, and as Imam Ahmad. He used Ottoman Empire military tactics to train his soldiers. Imam Ahmad's success in Ethiopia led to an early European intervention in Africa when the Ethiopian Emperor asked the Portuguese to assist in repelling the Muslim army. He is remembered by Somalis as a national hero, by Ethiopians as a ferocious and unwelcome conqueror. This mixed legacy is an example of how events and lives are differently regarded by different people. Whether someone is a hero or a villain depends on who tells the story, or on who writes the history. His empire ended with his own death. Initially, the Imam attacked Ethiopia in retaliation for an attack on his own Sultanate, then continued to subjugate Ethiopia. His motive appears to have been religious, since he called for a jihad against Ethiopia, which can be regarded as a defensive war, or as a call to extend the borders of the Islamic world. Al-Ghazi is used as a title by Muslim soldiers who help to spread the faith of Islam.
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Travels to discover the source of the Nile: in the years 1768, 1769, 1770Date: 1768, 1769, 1770"FROM Begul the army marched to Waz, thence to Gett, and from Gett to Harla, still laying waste the country. From Harla they marched five days to Delhoya, being determined to make a severe example of this place, because the inhabitants had killed the governor the king had left with them, and, making large sires for the purpose, had burnt and tormented the Christians residing there. He came, therefore, upon this town, and surrounded it in the night; and, after putting men, women, and children to the sword, he razed it to the ground.FROM Delhoya he proceeded to Degwa, from thence to Wafga, which he treated in the same manner as Delhoya, and t^ien entered the province of Dawaro, where he understood that Hydar, governor of that province, with Sabereddin, and a very valuable convoy coming to him, under their conduct, from Shoa, Were intercepted by Hydar's people, and their guard cut to pieces. Instead, therefore, of proceeding to Shoa, as his intention was, he encamped at Bahalla, and there kept the feast of Christmas, laying the whole province, by parties, under military execution ; and hearing there that Joseph, governor of Serca, was in understanding with those of Dawaro, he put him in prison, carrying off all his horses, asses, mules, and a prodigious quantity of other cattle, which he drove before him, and ended his expedition by his entry into Shoa"
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The story of the Chinese GordonDate: 1884"Harrar dates from the seventh century. It appears that the Ameer Ahmed died very soon after the departure of Burton; that the citizens of Harrar made Khalifa Atra Ameer, but he was deposed after three days' reign by Mahomet, a native of the Ala tribe. He was the Ameer strangled (by Raouf). Khalifa Atra is still alive, and I hope to see him to-morrow. The Queen-dowager, mother of Ameer Ahmed, paid me a visit this evening. Burton mentions her as Gershi Fatima. She is the grandmother of Yuseuf Ahmed, whom I have made Governor. She is a plucky old lady. I gave her £ 15 backsheesh. There are many here who remember Burton's visit. ... I am living in the palace that Burton was received in; the Ameers lived in a small tower, not twenty feet square, of two stages, and surrounded by their harem. ... I have just seen Khalifa Atra, who reigned for a few hours, and I told him it was better to be humble, and not high, than to be proud and elevated, for a fall has always to be feared; if one is near the ground one cannot fall very far"
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The highlands of Æthiopia, Volume 1Date: 1844CHAP. XLIII. (P.390) THE PRINCIPALITY OF HURRUR. “NOT many weeks had elapsed since certain substantial merchants of Hurrur, after visiting the shrine at Medina, and making a long and profitable sojourn in Alio Amba, had returned to their native land to enjoy the honours attaching to their religious pilgrimage. Slaves, ivory, and precious gums had been disposed of to great advantage in Arabia, and the proceeds invested in beads, berill^s, and broad cloth, with which the enterprising traders landed at the maritime town of Taj lira. Proceeding thence to Efat, they embarked their gains in slaves, mules, and cotton cloths; and designing to pass the residue of their days in ease and affluence, set out by way of Hurrur for the great annual fair at Berbera. In advance of the time, however, these luckless individuals had ventured to speculate to their envious countrymen upon the advantage to be derived from foreign traffic and the presence of the white man. The incautious word had caught the ear of Abdel Yonag, the wily chief of the Hurrurhi, and letters were secretly despatched to his master the Ameer, representing the wealthy hajjis to COLONY OF ABABS. 391 be men of turbulent and ambitious views, who had devised dangerous innovations, and were plotting, with the Adaiel, the monopoly of the commerce in slaves. With hearts bounding at the sight of their native minarets, and utterly unconscious of the slander that had preceded them, the pilgrims entered the Isma-deen gate of the city; but ere return had been welcomed by wife or child, they were hurried by the soldiery to the presence of the despot, and, without even the mockery of a trial, were beaten to death with huge maces of iron.”
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General History Of Africa III Africa from the seventh to the eleventh centuryDate: 1988Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa The Horn of Africa (P.85) Stage in the development Islam and its dissimination:……. Ethiopia’s relations with the Muslim world by: E. CERULLII (P.575) “The Sultanate of Ifat: The Sultanate of Ifat, which thus succeeded that of Shoa in the hegemony over Islam of Southern Ethiopia, was ruled by a dynasty which had the name (of local origin) of Walasma. They came firstly into Ifat as refugees from the ancient Muslim state of Damut, as Ibn Khaldun testifies. However, the Walasma dynasty also boasted a distant Arab origin and, according to the oral tradition preserved to our times, considered it progenitor to be ‘Akil ibn Abi Talib, brother of Caliph ‘Ali and of Djafar ibn Abi Talib who, as we have seen, had been one of the first Muslims to take refuge in Ethiopia……….”
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Harar: expedition to the Somali and Oromo Countries, East AfricaDate: 1888CHAPTER VI. (P.165 – 294) ENTRY IN THE COUNTRY OROMO. BY DSCHALDESSA – HARAR. Check out from Dschaldessa. – Farewell to Ugas. – We pass the Dajerg & l. – The nature of the choirs. – Density of population. – Sheikh Serbej. – The first Oromo Hutten. – Euphorbieulauben. – Indigenous meet us. – Arriving in Bellaüa. – Jüssuf plays with the Wänzelgewehr. – Oromo song and dance. – Climb to the heights of egoé. – Landscape beyond the watershed. – Bloom cattle in the Oromo regions. – Sibillu and Komböltsch. – Funeral customs of the Oromo. – Night camp Dillalöa. – The Oromo believe to see the city of Harar. – Joy at the approaching end of the arduous journey. – IMAX Harar. – A rider brings the first greetings from the city. – Sight of Harar. – Move through the Bab CHAPTER VII. HARA.R AND ENVIRONMENT. The House of the expedition to Harar. – Adoption of the Oromo companion. – Visit to the governor, the British officers Uud in the mission. – Reception with the Emir Abdullähi. – Disrupt the intended trip to the wash-Ha. – Hyena hunts. – Location of the city of Harar. – Physical structure of the same. – Streets, walls and main building. – Number of houses and residents. – Ethnic origin of Hararl. – Their physical condition. – Diseases. – Psychic character. – The climate of the city. – Trade and industry in general. – Government and army. – Priesthood. – History of Harar. – Legendary era. – Advance of Islam. – The location of Hadiah. – The rulers of the house of Omar Walasmah, s. – Fighting against the Ethiopian Empire. – Transfer of residence of the noble Saxon sultans to Harar. – Mohammed Ahmed GRANJE, s campaigns against Ethiopia. – GRANJE, s successor. – Emir Only ben-Mudschähid, s and his family government. – Renewed fighting against Abyssinia. –
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ashura in hararDate:Sites Ahmed Zekarias Article on ashura and otherauthors in the subject. The Hararies way of celebration of ashura and its link to the feedingof Hyenas is explored.
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Customer Management and Organizational Performance of Banking Sector: A Case Study of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia Haramaya Branch and Harar BranchesDate:The objective of this study is to investigate customer management and organizational performance of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia Haramaya and Harar branches. -
Harar Architect II of IIDate: 1991Illustrations of Mosques, Shrines , andother important locations and sites.
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Harar architect Part I of IIDate: 1991A compilation Of Harar Architect. Pictorial andGraphical representation of Harar City and its various Buildings, Harari Houses, Mosques , Shrines and other structures. Descriptions are all in Harari Language.
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The QuranDate:Duke University Manuscript This is a rare copy of a Qur’an from Harar, the pre-eminent centre of Islam in Ethiopia and the capital of an independent emirate form the middle of the 18th century.
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Tarikh Mamalak Al HararDate: 2000 -
IN-VITRO PROBIOTIC POTENTIAL OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM ‘WAKALIM’, A TRADITIONAL ETHIOPIAN FERMENTED BEEF SAUSAGEDate: 2006"Wakalim is a traditional Ethiopian fermented beef sausage commonly produced and consumed in the eastern part of the country mainly among the Harari and Argoba tribes. -
Hyenas like Us: Social Relations with an Urban Carnivore in Harar, EthiopiaDate: 2012This thesis is an exploration of the ongoing, dynamic processes which shaped hyena andhuman relations in a Muslim town in Ethiopia. These processes had their roots in worldprehistory; in millions of years of coexistence which is evidenced by the fossilisedremains of human and hyena ancestors. Whereas hyenas recently disappeared frommuch of their former range, they persisted in eastern Ethiopia and figure prominently inthe oral traditions and historical accounts of the walled city of Harar. At the time ofwriting, the hyenas of Harar combined with hyena feeders and tourists in processes inwhich two hyena feeding places were evolving along different lines.NOTE, The Illustrations are not available in this document. -
The first spectroscopic analysis of Ethiopian prehistoric rock paintingDate: 2011An extensive micro-Raman spectroscopic study of prehistoric rock paintings found in Hararghe region, Ethiopia, was carried out,with the aim to evaluate the production skill of the local artist and the period of production of the discovered paintings. -
From Fascism : The Politics Of Change in Harar's City Form , 1930-2011Date: 2011Pictorial Description of Change of The City.(EH annotation) -
Complementary Oriental Cities, the Case of Harar and Dire Dawa (Eastern Ethiopia)Date: 2011The article touches on a number of themes relevant to the topic of complementarity ofcities. Two cities of Eastern Ethiopia are being considered, Harar, an ancient and religiouscentre of Islam, also called a holy city of Islam in the Horn of Africa, and Dire Dawa,founded as a railway station, which further developed into a commercial and industrialcentre and a second chartered city of Ethiopia – after the capital city of Addis Ababa.Statistical data presented in the article show complementary character of both cities.. -
HAJJI ALIYYEDate: 2013Had I not chosen to visit my contacts for Harar, I would've never found all of the answers I was looking for concerning the Somali Ashraf and my own lineage. -
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”Lemen Girzat?” (Why Circumcise?) Negotiation and Change of Female Circumcision and Gender in Harar, EthiopiaDate: 2011Based on a six months fieldwork in the town of Harar in Eastern Ethiopia, this thesisexplores the local meanings of circumcision, and further, how these are intricately connectedto local processes of change. -
Ethiopia: land of slavery & brutality - League of Nations, Geneva 1935Date: 1935In 1935 Hile Silase requested League of Nations Based (the UN of that time) assistance against Italian invasion of Ethiopia. The League of Nations declined Haile Selase’s request and handed him the attached document that has detailed record of Ethiopians human right violation. The document narrates how Abyssinia transformed into Ethiopia through invasion of independent States in South and Emirate of Harar. The document gives detail account about Ethiopias rulers involvement in slave trade, massacar of many nations and nationalities, land grab and exploiting farmers. Most of all, the document presents empirical evidence of physical boundaries and boarders of each independent State before Minilik’s invasion and territorial expansion. To give better understanding for those who are not familiar with the names of the Rivers, Mountains, and Valleys mentioned as border demarcation in the document, I incorporated a map drawn by Italian scholars based on the description given in the document.