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SOMALIA - Past & PresentDate: 2007SOMALIA Past & Present Chapter 5: Abyssinian Invasion and Occupation of Harrar The Acting Consul for the Somali Coast, Captain Sealy reported on 10 July 1883 to the British Consul General in Cairo, Sir E.B. Melet, that Menelek of Shoa “is about to march on Harrar with 60,000 men.” This information was given to him by Abubakr Pasha of Zaila. One of his sons was in Shoa. Sealy said that he was not sure whether there was any truth in the news and asked for information on the subject and the cause of the threatened attack. Later, in August, Melet informed the Government that there was no foundation for the earlier report that King Menelek of Shoa was about to march on Harrar. But the rumours regarding Menelek’s march did not die. Four years later, on 22 January 1887, Major Hunter, who was the official who had made the Somalis sign the Protectorate Treaties a year earlier, reported that Menelek of Shoa “was within three days’ march of Harrar, and that the Emir had gone out with all his force to fight the Abyssinians, who were to be accompanied by several Italians.” Jebril Marijou, interpreter of Menelek, who had been in Zeyla for some days past, informed M. Estemios Moussaya that at the instigation of the French, the King was about to attack Harrar. In fact, the rumour was a screen behind which the real action was going on. An army of 15,000 men of which 5,000 were cavalry and reminder infantry and artillery were on the move to invade Harrar. After invading and occupying Harrar, on 8 January (20 January 1887) Menelek wrote the following letter to the British Consul at Aden: “From Menelek, King of Shoa and of all the Galla, good and bad, “To the English Consul at Aden, “How are you” “By the Grace of God, I am well. Amir Abdillahi would suffer no Christian in his country. “He was another “Gragne” but by the help of God I fought him, destroyed him and he escaped alone on horseback. “I hoisted my flag in his capital and my troops, &c., occupied his city, Gragne died: Abdillahi was in our days his successor. “This is not a Mussalman country as every one knows”. Everythingharar recommends reading the entire article. -
Haq Abeala: Where is Justice / TruthDate: 2006Unpublished bookCopy Write Released To Everything Harar by TheAuthour. -
Harari Dictionary , Chuqti Keetab, QURASDate: 2011Dictionary of Harari Words and their corresponding synonyms of Oromo and Amharic words.Written in Geez letters. -
The Culub Movement 3 of IIIDate: 1997Haile Sellasie took a short cut in imprisoning Hararis on one hand and on the other he played the pseudo- fatherly roleto gain a good reputation as being a compassionate king. Hecomes to know that the delegates were out abroad, in foreigncountry publicizing their sufferings and humiliation resultingfrom their subjugation to the world. The savage Sellasieimprisoned Hararis without any pity. His brutality had noparallel in the history of colonialism except that of SouthAfrica. My ustaad seemed that he was not bothered a bitby such a brutal inhuman treatment of Hararis. I think thisis due to he pre-set his mind on the conspiracy business forthe distraction of the school and the association. He doesnot seem to understand that it is a gross violation of humanrights and it is a crime against humanity to jail people in concentrationcomps. Above and over, the plunder and confiscationexercised by the Ethiopian police and the governor'soffice had no effect on my ustaad's thinking. It is equallystrange; when our ustaad thinks that the Hararis deservedsuch a brutal treatment because they did not listen to his advisewhen he told them not to join the Culub. What Hailehad inflicted against Hararis were unspeakable atrocities, butalmighty Allah made him taste his bad deeds and revengedfor the poor.On page twenty
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The Culub Movement 2 of IIIDate: 1997Amir (prince) Shakib Arsalan, seventy yearsago, wrote in his book, Hadir Al Alam Al Islamy, about theconditions of Ethiopian Muslims, where he described theirconditions as miserable, humiliated, wretchedness weaknessetc. in which they continue to leave to this day. Now I say,"it is appropriate time to re-compensate for their deprivationand alienation, destruction of their entities, for the distortionof their histories and enslavement inflicted upon them bythe defunct regimes". As we all know, Muslims in Ethiopiawere always in majority but, in the contrary to that, the successiveregimes insisted and they always were treated themas minority. These successive regimes constantly employedthe satanic devices, which were planned by the colonialists'centuries ago, to sustain the grips of the Christian dominationin Ethiopian empire which was found by Minilik. Hisregime isolated, segregated, and fragmented the Muslims.He deprived them their pride; their religion, their culture andhe prohibited them to use their own language in their publicand social affairs in their own country. Not only these, hisregime imposed strange restrictions on the existing schoolsystem and imposed a heavy taxation in the event of a newprivate Islamic schools is opened, in...
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The Culub Movement I of IIDate: 1997The Culub movement, like any other liberationmovements was an anti-occupation, anti colonial movement.It was an uprising by the general population of Harar.Hararis never welcomed the Abyssinian forces, they bitterlyresented the illegal Occupation of foreign forces and theyorganized themselves under the banner of Culub to free thecountry and the people from the foreign power that claimssovereignty over their territory to facilitate economic andpolitical domination. The movement was widespread fromone comer to the other comer of the country.
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Harari Balotach ( Harari Idioms)Date: 2007 -
BYLAWS OF THE HARARI SPORT AND CULTURAL FEDERATIONDate:Continuously growing Harari communities outside Ethiopia, specifically in North America, expressed a strong desire to come together and support each other and maintain their heritage; and to have an annual cultural and sport event that would gather all Hararis living abroad to strengthen their relationship and their communities. Such desires required the formation of a non- profit, non-political organization to coordinate activities among Harari communities in different cities joined as a federation. Convinced of the necessity and urgency of such an organization, we hereby form "THE HARARI SPORT AND CULTURAL FEDERATION". -
Nuria Abdullahi JamiDate: 2012A committed activist for women’s rights, cultural rights and for human rights, freedom and equality; one of the first women to be elected to the Harari Regional Council, where she served for two terms; President of Harari Region for just under a month, the first (and so far only) woman to be elected President of a Region; founded the Harari Women’s Association- the first women’s association in the country; helped set up Ada’a House- a museum working to preserve and promote Harari culture -
Factors Affecting Parent-Adolescent Discussion on Reproductive Health Issues in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional StudyDate: 2014....this study was conducted to assess factors that affect parent-adolescent discussion on RH issues with their adolescents in Harar town, Harari region, Ethiopia, in May 2010 -
HARARI ACADEMIC ENDOWMENT FUNDDate: 2002 -
Harar ( The American Cyclopaedia Volume8)Date: 1883HARAR, Bum, or Adarl, a small country, with an important town of the same name, in E. Africa, lat. 9° 20′ N., Ion. 42° 17′ E., 165 m. 8. 8. W. of Zeylah on the gulf of Aden; pop. estimated at 8,000. The town is situated on a gentle slope about 5,500 ft. above the sea. On the east are cultivated fields; the W. ridge is laid out in orchards; the N. side is covered with tombs; and on the south is a low valley traversed by a mountain torrent. It is surrounded by a wall of stone and mud, about 12 ft. high and 3 ft. thick, and kept in good repair. The wall has five gates flanked by oval towers, and encloses an area about a mile long and half a mile broad. The streets are narrow winding lanes, in many places nearly choked up with rubbish. The houses are generally built of rough stone cemented with clay, and whitewashed. The emir and the principal inhabitants have houses of two stories, with flat roofs, and openings high up for windows. These houses stand at the end of large courtyards, which are entered through gates of holcus stalks. There are numerous gambita, bellshaped thatched cottages, for the poorer classes. The principal buildings are mosques, the finest being the jami, or chief mosque, which was built by Turkish architects. The town is supplied with water from numerous springs in its vicinity. The inhabitants are a distinct race, and speak a dialect which is heard nowhere else. They are rigid Mohammedans, and enforce a law which forbids a white man to enter the town. The features of the men are coarse; many squint; others are disfigured by smallpox, scrofula, and other diseases. The women are nearly as ill-looking as the men. There is a proverb current in eastern Africa, ” Hard as the heart of Harar.” High and low indulge freely in intoxicating drinks. The principal occupation of the people is tilling the soil, which for several miles around is highly cultivated, producing coffee, wheat, jowari, barley, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. The kaat, a small plant of an intoxicating quality, is very abundant. Coffee is the most important article produced, and large quantities of it are annually exported. Other exports aro slaves, ivory, tobacco, wars (safflower, or bastard saffron), tobes and woven cottons, holcus, wheat, Jcaranji (a kind of bread), ghee, honey, gums, tallow, and mules. The hand-woven tobes form an important branch of native industry, and are considered equal to the celebrated cloths of Shoa. The tobe consists of a double length of eleven cubits by two in breadth, with a border of bright scarlet, and the average value of one in the city itself is about $8. It is made of the long fine-stapled cotton which grows upon the hills, and is soft as silk, and warm enough for winter wear. The thread is spun by women with two wooden pins; the loom is worked by both sexes. The lances made in Harar are held in high estimation. Caravans arrive at all seasons. The principal are those which pass between Harar and Berbera and Zeylah, which may be considered as the porta of Harar. The March caravan is the largest, and usually consists of 2,000 camels. As of old, Harar is still the great half-way house for slaves from Zangaro, Gurague, and the Galla tribes. Harar is governed as an independent sovereignty by an emir, who rules despotically, and seeks to hide hi9 Galla extraction by claiming descent from the caliph Abubekr. The only white man known to have visited the place is the English traveller Richard F. Barton, who penetrated thither in 1855, and who described it in his ” First Footsteps in East Africa, or an Exploration of Harar ” (London, 1856).
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Women, Moral Virtue and Tchat Chewing..Gender drink and drugsDate: 1994Why do so many people feel compelled to drink alcohol or take drugs? And why do so many men drink and so many women refrain? Using ideas from social anthropology, this book attempts to provide a novel answer to these questions. The introduction surveys both gender and addiction. It points out that we cannot say what men or women are really like, in any culturally innocent sense, for gender is always, even in the realm of biology, a cultural matter. The ethnographic chapters, ranging from Ancient Rome to modern Japan, similarly suggest how any substance - from alcohol to tea to heroin - inevitably takes its meaning or reality in the cultural system in which it exists.This book will be of interest to medical anthropologists, medical sociologists, anyone with an interest in the contemporary direction of anthropology as well as those working in the fields of alcohol and addiction.In page 249 of the book, Asteir and Semabtu narrate the effect of tchat among the people of Harar through the eyes of the tchat users.
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Lonely Planet Ethiopia & EritreaDate: 2009Lonely Planet, 2009 - Travel - 404 pagesExplore Ethiopia and Eritrea with the people who know it best: Lonely Planet. Discover ancient churches and cities frozen in time, trek the dramatic landscape of the Simien and Bale Mountains, and go diving in the thriving reefs of the Dahlak Islands. Explore Asmara's astounding Italian Art Deco architecture and finish the day with the perfect macchiato. Lonely Planet guides are written by experts who get to the heart of every destination they visit. This fully updated edition is packed with accurate, practical and honest advice, designed to give you the information you need to make the most of your trip. In This Guide: Tailored trips to get you up close with history and nature Take a hike or dance the day away with our festivals and activities chapter Green Index to make your travels eco friendly<p
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African textilesDate: 2003Chronicle Books, 2003 - Art - 240 pagesGenerously sized and beautifully illustrated,African Textiles Is an authoritative survey of textile arts - unique and collectible rugs, tapestries, garments, and much more - from across the continent. Author John Gillow traveled extensively throughout Africa, uncovering the dazzling range of traditional hand-crafted textiles from each region. Five sections detail the textile history and traditions within Africa's major geographical areas, examining materials, dyes, decorations, patterns, and techniques. From the stripweave cloth of the Ashanti in the West to Ethiopian embroidery in the Eastsee pages 164, 167, 154
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Arabic Literature of Africa, Volume 3 a. The Writings of the Muslim Peoples of Northeastern AfricaDate: 2003The present volume is fascicle A of volume III of Arabic Literature of Africa, edited by J.O. Hunwick and R.S. O'Fahey. The fascicle, compiled by O'Fahey and several collaborators, covers the Islamic writings of Northeastern Africa in Arabic and in several local languages, including Amharic, Tigrinya, Harari and Somali. Geographically, the fascicle covers the modern states of Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. Although the Islamic literature of the region is limited, it includes an important poetic tradition in Somali and Harari and the writings of a major scholar of the colonial period in Eritrea. The volume is divided into four chapters and follows the usual ALA format. It will be followed by fascicle B, which will cover East Africa, especially Kenya and Tanzania.
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The Semitic languagesDate: 1997The Semitic Languagespresents a unique, comprehensive survey of 23 languages from their origins in antiquity to the present day. The volume includes: an introduction to the grammatical traditions, subgrouping and writing systems; individual descriptions of Old Semitic and Modern Semitic; and an overview of each language followed by detail on phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis and dialects.
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Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopediaDate: 2007The first work to offer 5,000 years of authoritative historical coverage of ancient and modern cities in the Middle East and North Africa-from their founding to the present-highlighting each city's cultural, social, political, and economic significance.
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Africa's Legacies of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a ContinentDate: 2008Nur ibn Mujahid eventually became successor as emir of Harar. It was during the 1550s that Emir Nur ibn Mujahid commissioned the construction of the city walls around Harar. Four meters high and with five gates, these city walls ..
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Dimensions of locality: Muslim saints, their place and spaceDate: 2009As a world religion Islam is based on a highly abstract and absolutenotion of the transcendent, which its followers establishand celebrate, in a seemingly contradictory fashion, at veryspecific sites: Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, and in the vast andcomplex landscapes of mosques and Muslim saints' shrinesaround the world. Sacred locality has thus become a paradigmfor the relationship between the human and the transcendent, a model for urban planning, regional networks, imaginary spaces,and spiritual hierarchies alike. This importance of saintly places has, however, become increasingly complicated and troubled by reformist currents within Islam, on the one hand, and the emergence of modern archeology and anthropology, on the other.While they have often tended to posit the local in opposition to the universal, in this volume islam ologists, anthropologists,and sociologists offer new ways of thinking about the local, the place, and the conceptual landscapes and spaces of saints. Chapter 7 The Making of a 'Harari' City in Ethiopia: Constructing and Contesting Saintly Places in Harar Patrick Desplat Introduction: Debating Muslims, …
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Harar Extracted fromDate: -
Language Ideologies and Challenges of Multilingual Education in Ethiopia The case of Harari RegionDate: 2006In Ethiopia the language question is one of paramount importance, since the Constitution of1995 confers rights up to secession to population groups on the basis of their ethno-linguisitccharacter. Ethiopia’s geo-political units are thus primarily defined by language and ethnicity.In this context, the ancient city of Harar presents a particularly interesting case for study andrepresents a unique geo-political entity within Ethiopia. The huge linguistic and relatedsocio-political and ethnic diversities of Harar produce a microcosm of the Ethiopian State itselfand thus provide a fertile ground for asking questions about multilingualism, federalism andethnicity that have relevance beyond Harari Region itself.The primary objective of this study was to make a critical appraisal of the implementation ofvernacular education in the Harari region and examine the challenges of providing primaryeducation in several Ethiopian and international languages, i.e. English, Amharic, Oromo,Arabic and Harari. The study made a comparative assessment of the use of languages asmedia of instruction for primary education, and concluded with an appraisal of the relativestrengths and weaknesses in the use of each language, from both pedagogical and socialperspectives.The study has two major focal areas: policy formulation and policy implementation. The first partlooked at the current educational language policy against the background of the socio-culturalhistory of the country and outlined the ideological foundations of this policy and its political andsocio-economic implications. The second part examined the implementation model adopted anddealt with issues, such as the level of development of the languages involved in the schoolsystem, the school environment, the appropriateness of orthography, the teaching methods andmaterials used.The research was a field study in which qualitative and quantitative primary data were gathered,classified, analyzed and interpreted using various techniques. Because of the multipleobjectives outlined above, the study followed a mixed research method such that a qualitativeresearch paradigm was be used for some parts of the research and a quantitative researchparadigm for other parts. The two research paradigms are considered to be complementary inthe sense that one set of results is complemented by another set of results and generalizationsare made on findings that emerge from both methods together. The qualitative approach is usedto carry out inquiry into the perceptions and aspirations of the community at the individual aswell as the collective level. Types of qualitative research methods that have been employed togather data include: historical survey, ethnographic research and phenomenological research.The following conclusions have been drawn on the implementation of the policy of vernaculareducation in Harari.It is clearly a multilingual education model, involving the use of three languages. Harari andOromo are local mother tongues (L1) and Amharic is the indigenous language of widercommunication (LWC) (L2). English and Arabic are foreign languages (L3). This model is in linewith UNESCO’s recommendation of having three languages (L1, L2 and L3) in multilingualprimary education; a recommendation that follows from the position that teaching in the mothertongue is most effective in the academic achievement and cognitive development of the child.The model implemented in Harari has, therefore, a strong component of mother tongue education.
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HARAR IN MAP ATLAS OF THE ANCIENT WALLED CITY OF ETHIOPIADate:Copy right release to Everything Harar. com by Harari State President Office.