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Hand Washing Practices among Health Care Workers in Jugal Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia, 2020: In the Era of Corona Virus: Observational StudDate: 2020......Very poor practice with Hand washing practices among studied Health Care Workers is calling for urgent intervention. Implementing five movements of hand hygiene are the best method for preventing healthcare associated infections. Therefore, the health care provider should be followed this principle to fight healthcare associated infections.... -
Monitoring Islamic Archaeological Landscapes in Ethiopia Using Open Source Satellite ImageryDate: 2019The African landscape is set to change dramatically in the coming years, and will have a detrimental impact on the inherent archaeological and cultural heritage elements if not monitored adequately. This paper explores how satellite imagery, in particular open source imagery (Google Earth, multispectral satellite imagery from Landsat and Sentinel-2), can be utilized to monitor and protect sites that are already known with particular reference to Islamic archaeological sites in Ethiopia. The four sites used are in different geographic and geomorphological areas: three on the Somali Plateau (Harlaa, Harar, and Sheikh Hussein), and one on the edge of the Afar Depression (Nora), and have varied histories. The results indicate that open source satellite imagery offers a mechanism for evaluating site status and conservation over time at a large scale, and can be used on data from other areas of Africa by heritage professionals in the African continent at no cost… -
Endangered Archives Programme ( British Library )Date:Project Ref: EAP602 Ali Sherif in Harar, Ethiopia. The collection of more than 60 reel tapes and more than 300 cassette … of Harar in all their diversity of form, context and language. Most of the material was recorded during … few decades. Harar, 2006 UNESCO World Heritage Site, is considered a treasured enclave of a thriving … File Ref: EAP286/1/1/126 Records of the qāḍī court of Harar [late 19th century] Manuscripts at the Institute of Ethiopian … Studies Arabic Arabic IES 00958 Records of the qāḍī court of Harar, دفتر ديوان القاضي. By Unknown. … File Ref: EAP286/1/1/125 Records of the qāḍī court of Harar [late 19th century] Manuscripts at the Institute of Ethiopian … Studies Arabic Arabic IES 00957 Records of the qāḍī court of Harar, دفتر ديوان القاضي. By Unknown. …
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የሀረርና ሀረሪዎች ታሪክDate: 2012/2019Presentation : A collaboration of Everything Harar And Harari Region Cultural Bureau .....ይህ መጽሀፍ የሐረር ከተማንና አንባቢውን እንዲሁም የሐረሪ ህዝብን ታሪክ ከጥንት ዘመናት ጀምሮ እስከ 1990 ያለውን ያካተተ ሲሆን ዓላማውም፡ • ስለ ሐረሪ ህዝብ መነሻ በአጠቃላይ ማጠቃለያ ይሰጣል ስለአንጸባራቂ የሐረሪ ሕዝብንና የሀረርን ከተማ ታሪክ ከጥንት ጀምሮ እስከ 1990ዎቹ ያለውን ይተርካል • የተለቀቀውን የሐረሪ ታሪካዊ አንቀሳቃሽ ሞተር(Dynamics) ማብራራት • በጊዜ ብዛት የተፈታተኑትን የሀረሪ ህዝብ ማህበራዊ ድርጅቶችንና ተቋማትን በመተንተን ይፈትሻል • የበለጸጉትን የሐረሪ ህዝብ ባህላዊ እሴቶችን ትሩፋት ላይ ውይይት ያካሄዳል • የሐረሪ ስልጣኔ ለኢትዮጵያ ያደረገውን አስተዋጾ እንዲሁም የዚህ ስልጣኔ ተጽዕኖ በኢምፕየርና በሐረር ከተማ መንግስት ላይና በምስራቅ ኢትዮጵያና በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ለይ ያለውን ተጽዕኖ ያብራራል የተወሰኑት የመጽሐፍ ምዕራፎች ዋና ዋናዎቹን ርዕሶች ላይ በማተኮር የሐረሪ ህዝብንና ሐረር ላይ ሲያተኩሩ እንደ ርእሶቹና ቅደም ተከተል ቀርበዋል፡፡ ይህ መጽሀፍ በሶስት ክፍሎች ተከፍለዋል፡- እነሱም 1. የፖለቲካ ታሪክ 2. የኢኮኖሚ ታሪክና 3. የሕብረተሰባዊና የባህል ታሪክ ናቸው እያንዳዱ ክፍል በምራፍና በንዑስ ርዕሶች የተከፋፈሉ በየርዕስ መግለጫው ይሰጣል:: መጽሐፉ በጥናትና በምርምር ላይ ተመስርቶ በመዘጋጀት ተጨማሪ መግለጫና አጠር ያለ መዝገበ ቃላት ከመረጃ ስጦታ ዝርዝር ጋር ካርታዎች፣ ዋቢ መፅሐፍት፣ያልታተሙ ጹሁፎች፣ቁሳቁሶች መረጃዎችና አውደ ጥናት፣አስፈላጊ የሆኑ አባሪ ሰነዶችንም ያቀርባል፡፡ መጨረሻ ላይ መጽሐፉ የሐረርን ከተማንና የሐረሪ ብሔርን አጠቃላይ የተመዘገበ ምሉዕ ታሪክ አቅርቢያለሁ ብሎ አያምንም ፡፡.......
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ሙልሉእ ሲናን ሚÑ>ር ሚጋጅ ሀረሪ ሲናን መክተብ መትናፋእቲDate: 2008/2016ዪ ሙሌለእ ሲናን ሚጊር፣ ሚጋጅ፣ ሀረሪ ሲናን መክተብ መትናፋእቲ ኪታቤ ሺኢሽቲ ሐዯፋቹው ሇሓዯማ ተከተባ!! አሐዴታኝ ሐዯፍዚኛ ሀረሪ ሲናኑ መላቃማ አሐዴ ሲናን ዪነብራላ የሚችዛሌ ቀዴራዋ ዯረጃዞው (Standard) ዚሇሐዲ ዩኹኒኩት ሞሻላ፤ ኦር ቼኽሉ አትታጮት ሞሻንታ....... ኮኦትታኝ ሐዯፍዚኛ ቀዱም ጌይ ዚክሪ ዊቅሪያች፤ መስኖይ፣ ፈራኢዴ ዋ ዚምሳሰለ ቀዱም ኢስታ ዘማነኛ ዊቅሪያችዋ ኩቱባች ሀረሪ ሲናኑ መላቃላ ኦር አትታጮትዋ ፋይዲ ዛሾኩትዞ ሖጂ ጂሌ ተውሉዴ ቀሌቢ ውለዴቤም ኻና ፉቱሕ (Prose) ኩቱባችቤ መክታተብላ የትፊርኪዛለ ሐፍቲ ዚተዩ ኢስ አሐዴ ቀብቲያችዋ ኢቆታቹው መስጣንታ፡፡...... .... ኢኝናቹም ዪ ኪታቡ መክተብላ ሐፍ ዛነቤው ሺኢሺታኝ ሐዯፍዚኛ ሑስኒዞ ታእሉም ሔራ ኡስጡቤ ጢት የኽኒ ጊዱር ቼኽሉ አትታጮት ሞሻላንታ፡፡ _x000D_ -
A Historical Analysis of Magaalaa Guddoo (Gidir Magaalaa) Market Centre in Harar City (1938-1991)Date: 2019....The paper discusses the establishment of Magaalaa Guddoo market centre; changes and developments in the market by focusing on the Italian period, the imperial and the military regimes. The commodities exchanged in the market, the major actors who used the market, illegal trade, and finally the decline of the market was discussed in detail. Journals, books, archival materials, material remains, oral informants, and magazines were used intensively for the study.. -
የሀረሪ ታሪካዊ ጽሁፎች መድብል (ዚታሪኽዚኛ በስማ)Date: 2012/2020A Collaboration Of Everything Harar And Harari Region Cultural Bureau ....በአርባ አምስት ርእሶች በአርባውበአማረኛ ስጻፉ አምስቱ ብቻ በሀረሪ ቋንቋ የተጸፉ ናቸው፤ ከ10 ክፍሎች አንዱና ዘጠነኛው አምስት የተለያዩ ጽሁፎች ወይም ሰዎች በሀረር ታሪክ ላይ ለተጻፉ፤ ወይም ግድፈት ያለው ታሪካዊ ዝግጅት ላቀረቡ መልስ ለመስጠትና ለቅኖች ትክክለኛ መረጃ ለመስጠት የታሰበበት ነው፡፡ አንዱ ርዕስ ታሪክ ስላልሆነ ለምን እዝህ ገባ ሊያስብል ይችላል፤ ይህ የሆነው በሁለት ምክንያት ነው፤ የመጀመሪያው የጸሃፍውን ጥረት ለማሳየት ሲሆን ሌላኛው ይህም ለነገ ታሪክ ይሆናል በማሌ ስለ ሀረር ውኃ በቀረበው መልክ አርታእው ውሳኔ ሆኖ ገብቷለ፡፡.... -
ሒብሪ ዋ ጊርጋቦ ቲሪዮዉ ቲሪDate: 2012/2020A Collabration Of Everything Harar and Harari Region Cultural Bureau ሒብሪ ዋ ጊርጋቦት ቲሪዮዉ ቲሪ አላያች ኢትዮጵያቤ ዛሉ ቲሪዮዉ ቲሪያችቤ አሐመራቤ ፤ኢንቆቅልሽ ሚን አዉቅልሽ ፤ ኦሮሞቤም ሒቦ Àታወቃሉ፡፡ ኪታብዜዉ ሽሽቲ አጋዳቤ መርመድቤ አሐድታኝ አጋዳቤ ቲሪዮዉ ቲሪ ሚንቤ ዪትላያል፤ሚን የለምዳሉዉ፤ሚንኩትቤ ቲሪዮዉ ቲሪያችዉ ነትሔወዩዉ ኮታኝ አጋዳቤ ሽሽታኝ አጋዳቤም ኮታኝ አጋዳቤ ዚትሔበሩ ሒብሪያችሌ ጊርጋቦትሲዩዉ ረመድኹቦ፡፡ ቃሪአቼ ኸጠኤሌ ኦዉፊ ጦቀ ሰሶትቤ ኪል አሐታኝ አጋዳ ነሻቲ:: .......... -
በሚቶሎጂ የሀረሪ ሚት እንደ ባህል ግብዓትDate: 2012/2019A Collaboration Of Everything Harar and Harari Region Cultural Bureau .....የሀረርን ሚት ፍለጋ ከአጥሯ ጋር የተያያዙት ከተማ መሪዎችከሀይማኖት አዋቂ አሊሞች ከብፅኣን ግለሰቦች ከሌጃን ዳቹ በስፋት ከተነገረላቸው መሪዎቿ ታሪኮችና ከዚሁ ጋር የተፃፉ ግጥሞቿ ዚክሪዎቿ፤ ካልተፃፉትም በቃል ከሚነገሩትም በመዳሰስ የሀረርን ሚት እናያለን፡፡ በዚሁ ፅሑፍ እንደ ግብአትነቱ ከከተማ ረዥም የታሪክ ዘመን በመነሻነቱ ከተማዋን የበርካታሚት ባለቤት አድርጓታል፡፡ ማንኛውም ሀረሪ ወጣት የሀረሪ ሚት ቁሳዊ አካልና ከጀርባው በሚኖሩና ሌሎች የስነ ፅሑፍ ሰዎች ትርክትም በዚህ መነሻ ያልተካተቱ ካሉ እንዲያክሉበት ያቀደ የመነሻ ሀሳብ ነው፡፡... -
የሐረር ፖለቲካዊ ኢኮኖሚያዊና ማህበራዊ አጭር ታሪክDate: 2012/2020A collaboration of Everything Harar and Harari Region Cultural Bureau የሀረር ፖለቲካዊ፤ ኢኮኖሚያዊና ማህበራዊ ክፍሎችና በአስራ ስድስት አጭር ታሪክ በአምስት ምዕራፎችና ንዑስ አርዕስቶች የቀረበ መፅሐፍ የሀረርንና የከተማዋን ለመዘገብ እንጂ ሰፊ ጉዳይ በመሆኑ በአጭሩና አንኳር አንኳር የሆኑ ጭብጦች የተስተናገዱበት ቢሆንም አንዳንድ ምዕራፎች በጥልቀት የተስተናገዱበት ነው፡፡ መፅሀፍ ባለሙያ በመፃፍ የመስክ ምልከታ ታከለበት ነው፡፡......
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ዋዲሕ ራዲነት ኣዳ ዋ ኔሮትሌDate: 2012/2020A colaboration of Everything Harar and Harari Regional Cultural Bureau .....ዳጂራዜ ሀረሪ ኡምመት ኣዯባሕዱንዞ ዋ ራእዪያችዞ ባሕ ዚወልዱ ወልዱሌ ዘትዌረሴው ቁራስዞበሕ ቲጃራ ሐረካችዞ ሩሕዞውመስኪንነትቤ ሞጫሌ ያሻዛል ኢሾታቹው ደግጉስቤ ያሪ ጠለሳችዞው ኢትታ ኩቱብቤ መትዋወዋ መትሚቻቸሌ ተጌበታ፡፡ መኽነዞቤም ሒይያ ዳጂራቤ ኡኹልሐረካ ዛለዩ ባዴሌ ኣቂ ዚተዩ ኣው ኢርነዚፍ ኣው ባብ ሒጋኝ፣ከቢር ኢማን ዘር፣ ኣው ሲነት ሳይ ጊስቲ ዲይ በራካ፣ ጊስቲ ሐሌቆር፣ ጊስቲ ሙሉሕቦር፣ጊስቲ መገስ ቆር ዋ ጌስሲ ሐቅሺራዋ ጌስሲ ሐለጌይ ኢንተዩ፡፡... -
The Mosques of Harar: An Archaeological and Historical StudyDate: 2019The mosques of Harar have been the focus of some architectural and historical study but not archaeological investigation. This was redressed through excavation of six mosques in the city, the results of which are presented. These were identified from existing historical research as significant in the Islamization of Harar. Consensus on either the date or processes of Islamization does not exist. The partial history of the mosques investigated—Aw Abdal, Aw Abadir, Aw Meshad, Din Agobera, Fehkredin, Jami—is based on only a few sources. The results of the excavations provide insights into the Islamization of Harar and supplement the limited historical sources. The six radiocarbon dates obtained indicate a varied mosque chronology spanning the late 15th and early 20th centuries AD. Evidence indicative of the use of mosques for educational purposes, local practices such as animal sacrifice and child burial near the mihrab, and for extensive mosque rebuilding, alteration and remodelling was found. Comparable mosques in Djibouti, Somaliland, and elsewhere in Ethiopia are considered. It is concluded that all the Harari mosques investigated post-date the late 15th century and that the city also dates from this era and was linked with the establishment of Harar as the capital of Adal. Prior to this the Hararis, likely in the form of the legendary Harla, were elsewhere, possibly at Harlaa and other sites in the eastern Harar Plateau and Chercher Mountains. -
Extract Report on the Probable Geographical Position of Harrar; With Some Information Relative to the Various Tribes in the VicinityDate:…." On the morning of the fifth day after quitting Errur we ar- rived at Harrar, hacTing travelle(l by daily- marches of about 10 miles. We had water at each halting place; and the people we met with were very civil. " I retnained at Harrar and in the vicinity thereof for six years, (luring which period there were several l)attles fought between the Harrar people an(l the Galla, in one of which I was engaged on the part of the Emir, and receie(1 a spear-wound in my right cheek….. -
Reviewed Work(s): Futuh Al-Habaša: The Conquest of Abyssinia [16th Century] by Šihab ad-Din Ahmad bin Abd al-Qader bin Salem bin Utman, Paul Lester Stenhouse and Richard PankhurstDate: 2004The Jihad of Imam Ahmad (1529 1543) was the major turning point in the history of the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia, the Muslim state of Adal,1 and the history of the Horn of Africa. At the cost of incredible human lives, incalculable cultural and material destruction, Imam Ahmad was able to create a short-lived empire that included most of what are today, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somali land, and even Southern Somalia up to cape Gardafu, if not to Mogadishu. This was the first forced unification of the Horn of Africa. In terms of uniting the region, creating a centralized administration, Imam Ahmad was the first Muslim Ethiopian leader, who aspired to and temporarily succeeded in creating a greater Ethiopia, in which Islam briefly replaced Christianity as the dominant governing ideology and the religion of the overwhelming majority of the population. The book under review (hereafter Futuh Al Habasa ... is an elaborate, and remarkably detailed, narrative written in Arabic shortly after 1559. Though prone at times to exaggerate and to adopt flowery language, interspersed with poetry, its author was, on the whole, a good and, for the most part, dispassionate observer. He writes largely as an eye witness (p. XVIII). Though Futuh Al-Habasa was well known to scholars conversant in Arabic or French or both since the nineteenth century, this is the first full-scale English translation, which will make the content of this valuable treasure widely available to those interested in the sixteenth century history of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa.3 We are indebted to Paul Lester Stenhouse and Richard Pankhurst, for the elegant translation and good annotations ..... -
Languages and literatures of the Muslims of the Horn of AfricaDate: 2015......A special position in the linguistic and cultural panorama of the Islam in the Horn of Africa has been always attributed to the walled city of Harar.16 An independent emirate since 1647 to 1885 and then since 1885 to 1887, Harar saw the birth and the diffusion of a conspicuous literary productionin both Classical Arabic and Harari. Manuscripts containing texts in these two languages have been copied and produced in town. Old Harari manuscript literature is attested since the 18th century.17 The manuscripts in Harari, written in Arabic script,...... -
Archaeological Survey and Test Excavations, Harlaa, Dire Dawa, and Sofi, Harari Regional State, Ethiopia, August 2015. A Preliminary Fieldwork ReportDate: 2016……As yet, the relationship between Harar and Harlaais unclear. This will be better established once the AMS dates from Harlaa are received and considered. Currently, the earliest AMS date from Harar is from the Emir’s Palace excavation, PAL 14 (A) (cf. Insoll et al.2014). This is of Cal AD 1431-1476 (2 Sigma calibration; GX-33812; PAL 14 [A] 7), and indicates that Harar was certainly established by this date. Currently, the imported glazed ceramics of the 12th to 14th centuries AD from Harlaa suggest that this site predates Harar, though earlier material may be recovered in future excavations in Harar. -
Gender Issues in the Diwan (Court) and Sijil (Register) of the City of Harar During the 19th C.Date: 2007A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Linguistics For the Partial Fulfillment of the degree of Master of Arts (Linguistics, Philology-Arabic) -
INVESTIGATION ON HARARI TRADITIONAL AGED HOUSES MAINTENANCE WORK ENCIRCLED BY JUGOL WALL IN HARARDate: 2016Historic buildings have a lot of contributions to the development and prosperity of a city. The primary contribution of these historic buildings is to provide the city’s historical information such as past events, continuity of change through time, periods of ascendancy of remarkable events, or ruptures in the urban fabric as a result of conflict or transformation. In this thesis, the writer attempts to carry out an investigation on Harar Jugol aged traditional houses by studying the characteristics of the original materials used to construct the houses and by examining the maintenance work being carried out at present. These two major objectives show the importance of these historical buildings in its historical and current contributions. -
A History of Derbé Belanbel Historical and Cultural SiteDate: 2020The objective of the study is to reconstruct the history of Derbé Belanbel historical and cultural site. This is very crucial because though the historical and cultural site in question played a significant role in revealing the history and the tourism industry of the Region and by extension the history of the country; scholars have not given the attention it deserves so far. In the process of reconstructing its history, we came to realize that no scholar has studied the site before. Derbé Belanbel is located in Dhuhun wereda of Nogob Zone of the Ethiopian Somali Regional State. It is far from the town of Jigjiga, the administrative center of the Region, by about 450 kilometers in its southern direction. Methodologically the researcher mainly used the qualitative method and culled data from secondary literature but the study heavily relies on field observation and information gathered from knowledgeable informants. As far as we have tried to establish, Derbé Belanbel was a medieval center of culture and civilization of the Harla Somalis characterized by stone built houses, steles, and a Mosque that appropriately suggest a religious settlement. The stone built houses are similar with those located in the Harar, Dire Dawa and Zeila areas as well as with those located in the northern parts of proper Somalia. Though differences in the softness and hardness of the surfaces of the materials used in their productions and the artistic elements we see in them, many of the steles found at Derbé Belanbel display interesting geometric similarity with the Ţiya steles located in the Guraghe Zone of southern Ethiopia. Fragments of pottery, grains of beads, and fragments of glasses that we recovered from the very site suggest the people were skilled in the preparation of household materials from clay soil and had established commercial link as far as the port of Zeila in the northwest and Mogadishu in the east. Overall, though the site is found in a precarious condition owing to lack of attention by the concerned bodies, Derbé Belanbel represented a medieval culture of greater importance, which would immensely contribute to the history of the Ethiopian Somalis and for the growth of the tourism industry of the Regional State. -
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THE LITERATURE OF HARAR UNTIL THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY*Date: 2010Arabic books were brought to Harar from several parts of the Moslem world, and were copied there. In this manner, an important book culture and scribal tradition developed in the town (cfr. Wagner 1997 b, pp. ix ff.) and are still alive today, albeit in an impoverished context where many old manuscripts have been lost or destroyed, and good writing materials are scarce. -
Notes from My Ethiopian JourneyDate: 2017....The city of Harar has too overgrown, beyond my imagination, not inside the old walled part of the city where I have stayed, but outside of it. Among unrecognizable landscapes of the city is the Aw Hakim hill. It became thick with little villas, green shuttered, colorful roofed houses, apartment buildings and roads. In the alleyway, I met my childhood friend.... -
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Three Unforgettable Months In The Blessed City HararDate: 2016I wrote this valuable article; Three Unforgettable Months the In Blessed City Of Harar; with full of joy and sad, deep grieve and pleasant, a guilty conscience and spiritual cleanse I profoundly felt and experienced in a lovely sacred land the holy city Harar..... -
Le” Futuh al-Habasa” : écriture de l’histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa’ad ad-din (Ethiopie, XVIe siècle).Date: 2013Comparativement à celle consacrée à leurs voisins chrétiens, l’historiographie relative aux populations musulmanes de la Corne de l’Afrique des époques médiévale et moderne est extrêmement réduite. Dès 1992, Hussein Ahmed soulignait le fait que les études éthiopiennes ont longtemps négligé l’histoire de l’islam, en la plaçant en appendice de l’histoire dominante chrétienne1. En 2002, Hussein Ahmed remarquait également que, si depuis quelques décennies cette pauvreté des études touchant aux musulmanes d’Éthiopie tend peu à peu à se résorber, l’historiographie récente s’attache surtout aux populations musulmanes du Sud et de l’Est du pays2 et qu’elle se concentre sur les époques récentes, à partir du XVIIIe siècle. Cela s’explique en partie par la rareté des sources écrites produites par ces sociétés et par des voyageurs de passage avant le milieu de l’époque moderne. Un texte, toutefois, fait exception. Le Futu al-abaša (« Conquête de l’Abyssinie ») est un récit en arabe de plusieurs dizaines de folios rédigé au XVIe siècle par un auteur musulman du nom de ‘Arab Faqih. Il relate de manière détaillée les premières années de la conquête, malheureuse, du royaume chrétien des hauts plateaux éthiopiens par les musulmans de la région de Harar, menés par l’imam Amad au cours des années 1530. Unique en son genre de par son point de vue, sa longueur et sa teneur, ce texte n’a jamais été exploité à sa juste valeur pour comprendre la société des musulmans de l’Est éthiopien du début du XVIe siècle….